CHILD DEVELOPMENT: Rapid, Slow and Average.

Babies don’t read books on child development so they are unaware of when, statically speaking, they should be crawling, standing, speaking, weaned and dry. Books and charts give averages. Development charts and books are useful as an indication of what to expect, and an indicator if the child appears to be developing seriously behind the majority.

The Early Months.

All of the brain nerves and brain cells a person will ever have are produced by 6 months of age. Good nutrition, good physical attention and plenty of TLC (tender loving care) are needed in these formative months.

The infant has three basic drives: the need for air, food and water. However, infantile sexuality has been exaggerated, but parents should recognize that they help to build healthy sexual attitudes in children by skin contact, by both parents handling the child, and by husband and wife demonstrating affection in front of the child. Children experience emotions, including those of others, before they can reason. The world is full of frightening surprises for the infant and he displays the same reaction as adults: fight and flight. The frightened baby cannot run or fight, so he just yells.

Within weeks baby’s eyes will follow the movement of a toy above him. Then the hands will reach out to the toy. These brightly-colored objects are stimulating the child, developing control of eye and hand. Aural stimulation is provided by music, not too loud and not with a heavy beat. An understanding of the meaning of words is built up before the child speaks. Talk and sing to babies as soon as they are born. In a few months they will be playing back your words, and the child’s recorder has no erase button.

                                                   

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Lasting Solution for Tantrums in Children

These can begin shortly after the first birthday, but should fade away by about the age of 4 years, unless the parents have made tantrums worthwhile.

Examples of instances on tantrums

• Tantrums at the supermarket. Supermarket might have been designed to bring out the worst in children. There are very few staff. People help themselves to what they want. There are long aisles that are just right for running up and down. Shopping for groceries can be pretty boring. The goods are easy to reach, so why shouldn't junior also help himself? The TV commercials have familiarized him with carton designs, so he can recognize some of the products. His little hands heave his choices into the trolley. Mother heaves them back onto the shelf. The child howls in protest, and may throw himself on to the ground in tantrums. Mum is caught in trap. If she submit to blackmail and loads up with what junior demands, she has lost the war. It will be very difficult to regain control in a similar incident. If the battle at the shelves was lost, there is another defeat coming at the checkout where the store has craftily arranged a selection of tasty, tooth-destroying morsels.
• Tantrum with sleepless child. The occasional broken night for parents of young children is normal. Unfortunately there are some children who howl and scream in the night or who wake up and come to the parents’ bed, or who fight going to bed.

The tantrums can come from the child’s frustration with his parents or with himself. It is not long before the child sees the tantrum as a powerful manipulative weapon to get what he wants. 

What can parents do? 

They can attempt to divert the child’s attention to ignore the outbursts or to take him off to his room and ignore him until he has cooled down. That takes strong parental nerves, but the alternative is slavery under a juvenile yoke. Hold the child in a firm, close cuddle. This may work for some parents, but others may find their patience wears thin and they may use force on the child.

What should mum do in instances on tantrums at the supermarket?

My view - Go straight out of the store, with howling child in tow, and talk things over outside. The process needs to begin with the first time the child tries it on. Toddlers can be tucked under the arm if necessary.

Tantrums at night here are few rules that may solve the problems if it is not too severe.

• Not too much liquid just before bedtime.
• Make the last meal of the day the lightest.
• End the day with relaxing activities, not a very exciting game or TV programme.
• A soft light may help to reassure the child who is afraid of the dark, and who wakens to a darkened room.
• Give plenty of time, love and assurance before bedtime.

The howling child cannot be ignored, but should be given only the comfort necessary to relax him. The child will soon learn to judge whether the performance is paying off in terms of reward, assuming that the child has some measure of control over what is happening.

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Prescription for Dull Marriage Syndrome

Take a few minute to think back to your courting days. A pencil and a paper will be useful.

Jot down what it was that attracted you to your husband or wife. What was it you liked so much about her face, figure or hair, his features, expression or physique?

Make a few notes about personality. Was she vivacious and extrovert? It could be your partner was coy and shy and you liked to feel protective; maybe he or she was full of fun: a buoyant, happy, infectious sort of person.

List the sort of things you enjoyed doing together. Maybe it was parties or driving, water-skiing or walking; cuddling in front of the TV; going to concerts or the theatre.

Remember the things your partner did or said which made you happy or gave you pleasure. This could include little gifts, ways and expressions by which you felt loved and wanted. It may also have been a certain touch, a facial expression or things said and whispered.

Remember the ways you used to express your love with words and actions. There were also times when you purposefully plotted a surprise sent a special card or arranged for a treat.

When most couple’s expectations of marriage are not met, they begin to talk of ‘incompatibility’. Why are you saying that now? I will assume that their reply will be that when we were courting we seemed ‘very compatible’. This is no issue of compatibility, perhaps what they need to do is to analyze their relationship and their expectations of it, and to re-adjust both.

Believe me, what worked then will work now.

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Health in the Home Continuation.

Continuation from Health in the Home

Learning to eat in the right way. Medical science has discovered that it is much better for our digestive system if we have regular time for eating. If our children have been accustomed to picking at the food any time they wish, we may find difficulty in breaking this habit, but gradually we can encourage them not to eat except at mealtime. If we have three good meals per day, and yet feel the little ones still need something in between meals, let them have something extra at a certain time each day, but not just any time all day long. To help them form the habit of eating only at mealtimes, place all food out of sight after each meal.

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Health in the Home

There are many sick people in the world, unhappy, in pain, and generally miserable. They would give everything to get well, have good health and be strong again. Many have spent their money going to many different kinds of doctors trying to get help.

Until the Lord comes again this world will always be filled with such troubles. However, many of the sicknesses and accidents could be prevented, if we took time to learn ways of healthful living and of being careful. Through the years God has guided man to discover better ways of caring for their health, and more effective medicines to cure disease. We not only want our children to have hearts that love what is right but also to have bodies that are strong and healthy.

Good health is not achieved through magic, but through obedience to the laws of health. By obeying this simple laws of health many wise people are blessed with more children and with a better life and good health.

Here are some of the ways you can obey the laws of health.

Teaching the children to bathe. To keep our bodies free from evil-smelling perspiration and dirt, we need to bathe daily with soap and clean water. Sometimes our children must be reminded of special places to wash, such as neck, ears, elbows, knees and finger nails. Dirty fingernails are carriers of disease. The children should be taught early to make a thick lather soap all over their bodies, reaching all the places that sometimes hide dirt. Their scalps should be free of the scale of grime that develops on the heads of children whose parents neglect to wash them.

Our house should be clean and tidy. There should be hidden far away from the house, a rubbish pit for the disposal of all refuse. Some kind of clean toilet system should be provided, perhaps a deep pit, properly enclosed to ensure safety. If the children need a vessel of some kind at night, parents should make one available in order to prevent them from forming the habit of urinating just outside the hut. When this vessel is washed daily with soap and hot water, with a few drops of daily with soap and hot water, with a few drops of disinfectant, it will remain clean and free of foul smells.

Mothers and Father will see that there are enough clothes’ boxes and cupboards for all the family, a place to hang dresses, suits, and hats. The blankets and other bedding will be aired and washed often enough to keep them clean. If we have a child who regularly wets the bed, we will not fail to buy a waterproof sheet, so that we don’t have a dirty, smelly mattress. Never will we leave food uncovered where disease-laden flies can alight on it.

See More Health in the Home Continuation

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SPIDER BITE - FIRST AID GUIDE

Bites from black widow spiders and brown recluse spiders are potentially life threatening. 

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS for Black Widow

• Pain at site of bite
• Pain, muscle spasm, and paralysis at distant site
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps
• Chest tightness
• Difficulty breathing
• Dizziness
• Sweating
• Signs of shock (see Shock)

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS for Brown Recluse

• Red lesion at bite site
• Lesion blisters and may become painful ulceration
• Fever
• Nausea
• Body rash
• Procedure for administering first aid
•  Lower affected part below the level of the heart.  
• Remove rings and bracelets from bitten extremity.
• Cleanse area with soap and water.
• Apply cold compresses.
• Keep bitten extremity immobilized.
• If signs and symptoms of allergic reaction occur (see Allergic Reaction), call 911. 
• Call parent and recommend contact with health provider.

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HEALTHCARE OF MOTHER-TO-BE

It is worthwhile having all the regular checks. Of course if something seems to be going wrong, don’t hesitate to ask for advice promptly.

The unborn child depends for his food supply on mother. For this reason mothers needs a good, balanced diet. Here again the clinic will advise if you are uncertain. Appetite may be a little capricious in pregnancy. Some mums put on a lot of weight that is not directly related to the pregnancy. That extra poundage is hard to shed.

There are laws against selling cigarettes and alcohol to children. There are no laws against supplying cigarette by-products and alcohol to the fetus. There are grimmer penalties. Smoking mums are much more likely than non-smokers to produce under-weight and premature babies. Cigarette poisons and alcohol reach the fetal bloodstream. Father should give his tobacco as well for the period of pregnancy, so that the air is clean around mother. After nine months away from tobacco both parents will probably decide to quit ever, saving money and enjoying clean air.

Mother-to-be should avoid drugs as far as possible. While a thalidomide repeat is unlikely, the fewer pills the better, even if it does mean putting up with morning sickness.

Attitude of mind.

Our emotions are associated with chemical changes in the body. Fear is the most obvious example. The whole body tenses for fight or flight. Depression may have some chemical triggers, but depression in its turn reacts on the body chemistry. The mother’s bloodstream affects the chemical balance of the fetal bloodstream. The unborn child is being conditioned.

The fetus reacts to sounds. Loud harsh noises disturbs; soothing sounds are restful. Your baby temperament is being prepared, even in utero.

Budgeting for baby

Your shopping list for baby can be divided into three categories;

• Necessities (for example, nappies)
• Very desirable but not essential items.
• Comparative luxurious.
• Shop around for prices and talk to new parents. Generally speaking convenience costs money. Disposable nappies work out dearer that toweling. Convenience foods for baby cost more than home prepared. Each family has to weigh time against money.

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DISCLAIMER

          This site is for information only and NOT a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment.

Any information presented in this site are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the general view or opinions of information sought.

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HEALTH EFFECTS OF TELEVISION (TV) TO CHILDREN

An increasing demand of research has been centered on the electronic child minder - television. The following is the summary of findings by a variety of investigators.

Television provides a rapid succession of moving images and sounds. This is a far greater amount of stimuli than are provided by books, play or sound alone. The TV viewer tends to fall into a non-attending pattern after about twenty minutes. The brain rhythms indicate a switched off attitude, and this is found in most children whether the programmers are exciting or dull. A minority of children show abnormal brain activity while viewing and epileptic-like seizures are not unknown. While hyperactivity (aimless, restless, frequently destructive and abnormal inexhaustible energy) may have more than one cause, there are strong indications that some cases are induced by TV viewing. The child cannot interact with the TV, and his post-viewing time is an attempt to work off pent-up energy and the tensions created by what he has seen. Deeper neurological factors are suggested also.

TV watching limits eye movement. 

Inability to read has been linked with underdeveloped eye movements, and TV may be a factor in what some education researchers see as a growing problem of illiteracy or semi-literacy. This is additional to the fact that it is easier to sit in front of the screen than to read a book. I state firmly that no child under the age of 4 ought to be placed in front of the TV screen.  

Immobility while watching TV severely retards the amount of exercise the child takes. 

Even the activity of turning pages is denied, and children are arriving at school with underdeveloped hand-eye-brain functions. Normal active play has been curtailed.

Microwaves radiations is a possible hazard from defective microwave ovens, television sets, visual display units, and computer screens. There are safety limits set for people operating VDUs, but no legal limits on how many hours a person may watch TV. Viewers should not be allowed closer than two metres from the screen.

Children usually read books written for their own level. If some of the information is unsuitable it is more easily filtered out than TV presentations because there are no moving pictures, no dramatization. The child lacks the background to evaluate the TV information. He has few reference points to sort out fact from fiction. He cannot question the presenter. Sometimes parents may be present to discuss the programme with the child. Too often the child is on his own. The TV teacher on an educational programme has no way of knowing how his ‘class’ react, except by audience ratings.

Quick Guide for Children’s TV

• Not for the under 4 years.
• Limit the viewing time.
• Nothing seen you would not wish your child to remember.
• View with your child and discuss afterwards.
• Resist the ‘All my friends watch it, why can’t I?’ argument.
• Provide activities as a substitute for TV.

Regulate your own viewing by the same standards you apply to the children, making allowance for age.

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Six basic steps for cleaning and disinfection

Cleaning can be defined as the application of energy to remove dirt grease and other soiling. Cleaning is essential to good and health life.

Disinfectants: The process of disinfection food from contamination, bacteria, but not spores or toxins, to levels that are neither harmful to human health nor to the quality of food. Dis-infestation may be carried out using:

• Heat, preferably moist heat at a temperature above 82ᵒC (180ᵒF).
• Stem.
• Chemicals, either separately or in combination.

What to disinfect: 

Surfaces where the levels of bacteria present may have an adverse effect on the security or safety of one’s health.

Disinfection needs to be carried out carefully to ensure that it is successful and safe.

Steps for cleaning and disinfection include;

• Pre-clean: removal of loose soil by wiping, scraping, rinsing or soaking.
• Main clean: loosening the remaining soil by use of detergents.
• Intermediate rinse: removal of soil and chemicals.
• Disinfection: reduction of the remaining bacteria to a safe level.
• Final rinse: removal of the disinfectant.
• Drying: natural (e.g. air drying): physical (e.g. using disposable paper towels or a clean dry cloth).

If soiling is light, the pre-clean may be combined with the main clean.

Disinfection may not be necessary on all surfaces; when disinfectants are used, disinfection may be incorporated in the main clean using a chemical sanitizer. This creates a four-stage process: pre-clean; main clean; disinfection; rinse and dry.

Some types of equipment need to be completely or partly dismantled to allow satisfactorily cleaning. Electrical safety must be checked before machines are cleaned.

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Family planning - The Pill

Family planning simply means that a couple will choose the number of children they want, when they want them, and the interval at which they want them. It means parenthood by choice, rather than by chance.

Factors to consider before going for family planning program;

• The length of time a newly wedded couple needs for adjustment to each other before assuming the responsibility of parenthood. (Findings shows that the presence of a child during the first two years of marriage doubles the likelihood of divorce).
• The couple’s ability to care adequately for the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of each child brought into the world.
• The wife’s health (most women do not reach full biological development until about age 23, and the best time for motherhood is the five-year period following full biological maturity; also pregnancy before full maturity is full of risks: a high death rate among babies, high date rate among young mothers, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and toxemia).
• The effect that the fear of pregnancy may have on the full enjoyment of the sex relationship

The Pill. The pill, when taken as directed, is the most effective contraceptive known. The Pill places the responsibility for birth control on the wife. It is a powerful drug and should be taken only by prescription under medical supervision. When it is taken as prescribed, without omitting a single dose, there should be no more than one unplanned pregnancy per year in 1,000 women using the Pill. Because of the Pill effectiveness and convenience, many physicians recommend the pill for newlyweds. The bride should consult her family physician if you have one or any qualified physician at least two months prior to the wedding and follow the advice given to the letter. 

Also see;

• Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
• The Condom
• The Diaphragm and Vaginal Foams

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Family Planning - Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Family planning simply means that a couple will choose the number of children they want, when they want them, and the interval at which they want them. It means parenthood by choice, rather than by chance.

Each couple will have to decide which method of contraception is the best for them in order to plan and space pregnancies. There is no perfect method for every couple. Some couples change methods along with the circumstances in their lives.

In choosing a method you will want to consider its effectiveness, availability and cost, convenience, and your personal preferences. Any method a couple finds unpleasant, uncomfortable, or embarrassing will not be right for them.

Intrauterine Devices (IUDs). The rate of failure for the IUD is somewhere between 15 and 30 pregnancies per 1000 women per year during the first year of use. The failure rate decreases thereafter. The IUD is a soft, flexible plastic loop or irregularly shaped disc that a physician inserts into the cervical canal. The IUD should be checked about once a week by the user to be certain it is in its proper place.

Side effects resulting from the IUD are;

• Some cramps
• Backache
• Heavier menstrual flow.  
• Spotting between periods

However it should be noted this is not a general case, almost 90 per cent of the women who use it have no problems. It can easily be removed when pregnancy is desired.

Also see;

• The Pill
• The Condom
• The Diaphragm and Vaginal Foams

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Family Planning - The Condom

Each couple will have to decide which method of contraception is the best for them in order to plan and space pregnancies. There is no perfect method for every couple. Some couples change methods along with the circumstances in their lives.

Circumstances like:

• The length of time a newly wedded couple needs for adjustment to each other before assuming the responsibility of parenthood. (Findings shows that the presence of a child during the first two years of marriage doubles the likelihood of divorce).
• The couple’s ability to care adequately for the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of each child brought into the world.
• The wife’s health (most women do not reach full biological development until about age 23, and the best time for motherhood is the five-year period following full biological maturity; also pregnancy before full maturity is full of risks: a high death rate among babies, high date rate among young mothers, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and toxemia).
• The effect that the fear of pregnancy may have on the full enjoyment of the sex relationship

The Condom. 

The Condom, with cream or foam is most preferred type of condom when it comes to family planning. The condom, when used alone, falls at the rate of 26 pregnancies per 1,000 couples per year. But when combined with a contraceptive cream or foam, the rate is less than 10 per 1000 women per year. The condom (or “rubber” as it commonly called) is readily available without prescription, has no side effects, is easy to use, and places the responsibility for birth control on the husband rather than on the wife. The probability of pregnancy owing to a defective condom is less than one in three million chances.

Also see;

• Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
• The Diaphragm and Vaginal Foams
• The Pill

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Family planning - The Diaphragm and Vaginal Foams.

The aim of ‘the family plan’ should be that each child should be joyfully wanted by responsible parents. It is possible that when you marry you may have a baby within the first year. Are you ready to accept a baby if it should come-regardless of the plan you have? Do you have the discipline and maturity that caring for infant requires?

Here are some of the methods of contraceptives. Find the best for you in order to plan and space pregnancies. The choice is all yours guided by a doctor.

The Diaphragm. The diaphragm is a strong, lightweight, flexible rubber cap that is inserted into the vagina to fit over the cervix like a dome-shaped lid. It prevents the sperm from entering the uterus but must be combined with a jelly, cream, or foam in order to be effective. It must also be fitted by a physician and inserted by the woman prior to intercourse. It should not be removed for at least six hours following intercourse. The failure rate is about 26 pregnancies per 1000 users per year.

Vaginal Foams. Vaginal foam has been on the market for more than thirty years and allows about 26 pregnancies per 1000 women. Vaginal Foam products when placed in the vagina act on the sperm without harming the vaginal tissues. Forms, creams, and gels are available with an applicator that automatically measures the proper amount.

Also see;

• Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
• The Condom
• The Pill

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Chapati Recipe Kenya

Ingredients: 

• 2 cups all-purpose flour (sifted)
• 1 teaspoon salt
• Warm water
• Cooking oil
• (Optional) finely chopped onions (use the 1/2" purple kind)
• (Optional) finely chopped garlic

Method of preparation:

• Allow ingredients to warm to room temperature if they have been refrigerated.
• Mix flour, onion, and salt in a bowl.
• Slowly, mix in enough water to make a thick dough.
• Knead dough for a few minutes adding a couple spoonful of dry flour.
• Cover bowl of dough with a clean cloth and let sit for about a half-hour.
• Pre-heat (medium high or high) and lightly grease a skillet or fry pan.
• Divided the dough into tangerine sized balls.
• Using a rolling pin, on a floured board flatten the balls into six-inch circles.
• Lightly flour the chapatis before stacking while rolling additional chapates.
• Fry until each side has golden-brown spots, flipping once.
• Cover the cooked chapatis until served. To keep warm, wrap the stack of finished chapatis in a heavy plastic grocery bag or place in oven on lowest setting.
• Slice into quarters if desired.

It can be served cut up into quarters and served as a side dish (particularly with any sort of curry/dipping sauce) or rolled up and filled with vegetables into a "Rolex

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Occupational Health

Occupational health means keeping oneself free from illnesses associated with conditions at work. Work-related are a major health problem in the world today. Hazards at work may or may not be obvious.

For example:

Exposure limits - many substance and environments established under COSHH regulations, exposure limits may be exceeded accidentally.

Susceptibility to illness - this can vary from person to person.

Symptoms of illness at work

These may not appear for many years after the original contract - for example, in the case of asbestos causing asbestosis.

Action should be taken to protect employees from hazards at work. 

For example:

• Assessments should be made and records kept of any hazards employees may face.
• Trained professionals should be employed to eliminate or reduce potential hazards.
• Safety policies should be designed to minimize the health risk to employees.
• Special equipment should be used to help shield employees from danger.
• The employee must display the right attitude and action to safeguard their own health and safety while at work. She or he should cooperate with occupational health and safety programmes as these are designed to identify and control occupational health hazards.

Self-protection at work

Always keep a healthy frame of mind. Never assume that ‘it can’t happen to me’ - it can! The way to help prevent illness and accidents is to take proper precautions every day you work. Treat hazardous substances and working conditions with respect. Never cut corners to get work done faster. Follow the company’s health and safety policies regarding exposure limits, clean-up procedures, protective equipment, smoking, and so on. Be aware of hazards that might exist at work. 

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Health and safety requirements of the storage areas

To comply with the regulations it is essential to observe the following good practice requirements, not only because of the legal requirement but for the benefit of all who use the storage areas of the premises.

Outlined below are some of the health and safety requirements of the storage areas

• Receive areas must be clean and free from litter.
• Waste bins, empty return boxes, and so on, should be kept tidy and safe.
• Waste bin (rubbish and swill) must be kept with lids on emptied frequently and kept clean.
• All storage areas must be kept clean and tidy.
• Trolleys and stacking shelves should be suitable for heavy items.
• Trolleys should not be overloaded; accidents can occur due to careless loading, such as heavy items on top of light ones.
• Lifting of heavy items should be done in a manner to prevent injury.
• Cleaning equipment and materials must be available and kept separate from food items.
• All items should be stored safely, shelves not overloaded, heavier items lower than lighter items, with suitable steps to reach higher items.
• Stores should have a wash hand basin, towel, and soap and nail brush.
• Unauthorized persons should not have access to the stores or areas where goods are delivered.
• Be prepared for the unexpected; accidents can occur due to: delivery vehicles and trolley movement; breakages of containers, glass jars, etc.: undue waste left by delivery or storekeeping staff.
• Know where the first aid box is.
• Know the procedure to follow in the event of an accident.

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STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS;

• Anticipating potential contact with infectious materials in routine and emergency situations is the most important step in preventing exposure to and transmission of infections.
• Use Standard Precautions and infection control techniques in all situations that may present the hazard of infection.
• Precautions should be observed and appropriate protection used when caring for bleeding injuries or handling other body fluids in emergency situations. Body fluids include blood, drainage from cuts, scabs, skin lesions, urine, feces, vomitus, nasal discharge, and saliva. The body fluids of all persons should be considered to be potentially hazardous.
• Avoid direct contact with body fluids. Caregivers who anticipate assisting in first aid when body fluids are present (e.g., cleaning cuts and scrapes, treating a bloody nose) should use disposable gloves.
• Caregivers should use protective eyewear and masks in certain situations.
• If unanticipated skin contact occurs, hands and all other affected skin should be washed with soap and running water as soon as possible.  The local procedures for blood and body fluid exposure should be followed.
• Diligent and proper hand washing, the use of barriers (e.g., gloves), appropriate disposal of waste products and needles, and proper care of spills are essential techniques of infection control. 
• If it is necessary to perform CPR, a one-way mask or other infection control barrier should be used.  However, CPR should not be delayed while such a device is located. 

Hand washing procedure.

• Wash hands vigorously with soap under a stream of warm running water for at least 20 seconds.  
• Wash all surfaces including backs of hands, wrists, between fingers, and under nails.
• Rinse hands well with running water and thoroughly dry with paper towels.
• If soap and water are unavailable, an alcohol-based hand rub may be used.   

Gloves.

• Gloves must be worn when direct care may involve contact with any type of body fluid.
• Disposable, single-use, waterproof gloves (e.g., latex or vinyl) should be used. (Vinyl gloves should be used with individuals who have a latex allergy or a high potential for developing a latex allergy, e.g., individuals with spinal bifida.) 
• Discard gloves in the appropriate container after each use.
• Hands should be washed immediately after glove removal. 

Disposal of infectious waste.

• All used or contaminated supplies (e.g., gloves and other barriers, sanitary napkins, bandages) except syringes, needles, and other sharp implements should be placed into a plastic bag and sealed. This bag can be thrown into the garbage out of reach of children or animals.
• Needles, syringes, and other sharp objects should be placed immediately after use in a puncture proof container that is leak proof on the bottom and sides. To reduce the risk of a cut or accidental puncture by a needle, NEEDLES SHOULD NOT BE RECAPPED, BENT, OR REMOVED FROM THE SYRINGE BEFORE DISPOSAL. Once the container is full, it should be sealed, bagged, and kept out of the reach of children or animals until it can be disposed of properly.   
• Body waste (e.g., urine, vomitus, feces) should be disposed of in the toilet. If body fluids (e.g., urine, vomitus) are spilled, the body fluids should be covered with an absorbent sanitary material, gently swept up, and discarded in plastic bags. 

Clean-up: Spills of blood and body fluids

• Spills of blood and body fluids should be cleaned up immediately with an approved disinfectant cleaner.
• Wear gloves.
• Mop up spill with absorbent material.
• Wash the area well, using the disinfectant cleaner supplied in the clinic or a 1:10 water/bleach solution. (Mix 1 part household bleach in 10 parts of water. Replace solution daily.) 5. Dispose of gloves, soiled towels, and other waste in sealed plastic bags and place in garbage, as already indicated. 

Clean-up: Routine environmental clean-up

• When clinics and bathrooms become contaminated with blood or body fluids, use the procedures outlined above.
• Regular cleaning of non-contaminated surfaces, (e.g., toilet seats, tabletops) can be done with standard cleaning solutions or the 1:10 water/bleach solution described above. Regular cleaning of obvious soil is more effective than extraordinary attempts to disinfect or sterilize surfaces. 
• Brooms and dustpans must be rinsed with disinfectant. Mops must be soaked in disinfectant, washed, and thoroughly rinsed. The disinfectant solution should be disposed of promptly down the drain.   

     

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Women’s Health - Vaginal Infection

Symptoms:

Burning, itching, and an unpleasant odor are just some of the common symptoms of vaginal infections. But treatments vary by condition, so it's important to know which type of vaginal infection you have.

3 Ways You Can Get Vaginal Infection without Having Sex

It is very true that you can have vagina infection without having any form of sexual intercourse! The vagina has a normal population of microorganisms called 'normal flora', which maintains its normal functioning and health.

Any interference with this system would result in an imbalance between the population of the protective and harmful bacteria. The main beneficial microorganisms are the lactobacilli which produce hydrogen peroxide, and any reduction in the level of this substance would result in infection by opportunistic organisms.

Three common conditions or ways you can have vaginal infection without sex include:

Use of Antibiotics

The use of antibiotics, especially on a long term produces vaginal infection. The reason for this is obvious. The high antibiotics concentration reduces the population of the protective vaginal flora, especially the lactobacilli. This would invariably promote the growth and proliferation of vagina yeast, especially Candida albicans.

Use of contraceptives

Oral contraceptive pills do not change the numbers of beneficial lactobacilli. They keep vagina pH at about 4.4, and do not change the thickness of protective vaginal skin cells. The use of oral contraceptive pill may reduce the risk of Bacteria Vaginosis with about 50%. However, the risk for yeast infections is increased when birth control pills are used.

Depo-Provera is an injectable contraceptive which can decrease hydrogen peroxide producing bacteria within few months of use. The consequence of these is the presence of opportunistic infections like candidiasis.

The use of spermicides with diaphragm or cervical cap can cause transient decrease in lactobacilli, and increase the proportion of E. coli, enterococcus, and anaerobic gram negative bacteria.

Douching and use of antiseptic soaps

These products remove the good bacteria and impact on vagina health causing candida super-infection

Treatment for Vaginal Infections

All of these infections can be treated, but it is important to know which infection you have so that the right medication is prescribed.

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Coconut Rice

Tasty, pretty and fragrant, this is a beautiful method of preparing basic rice. If you can only find regular coconut milk, buy 2 cans and use the thick cream that's floating at the top. The coconut cream will caramelize during cooking, leaving sweet brown flecks in the rice.

See Why it is recommended to cook rice with coconut oil!

Nutritional Info

• Calories369
• Carbohydrates55 g(18%)
• Fat14 g(22%)
• Protein6 g(12%)
• Saturated Fat12 g(62%)
• Sodium323 mg(13%)
• Polyunsaturated Fat0 g
• Fiber2 g(7%)
• Monounsaturated Fat1 g

Coconut Rice Recipe

Coconut rice is simply delicious and a fun way to put a twist to your rice dishes.

Preparation time: About 10 minutes

Cooking time: About 15 minutes

Ingredients:

2 cups rice
1 cup coconut milk
1½ cup chicken broth (or water)
1 table spoon. Cooking oil
1 table spoon. Fresh lime juice
1 green chili, sliced
¼ table spoon of cumin seeds
½ table spoon of brown mustard seeds
1 table spoon of grated coconut
Salt and pepper to taste

Method of preparation

Heat the oil over medium-high heat in a pan and add the coconut flakes. Sauté until the coconuts turn golden brown. Take the coconut out and set aside to drain on paper towels.

Cook the rice according to package directions with a pinch of salt. Turn heat on to medium high and let rice come to a boil. Once the rice is done, add the sliced green chilies and the sautéed coconut flakes. Set the rice aside.

While the rice sits, heat 1 teaspoon of oil on high heat. Add the mustard seeds and let them cook for about 30 seconds. Now add the cumin seeds and cook until the mustard seeds start to pop.

Turn off the heat and stir in the mixture into the rice.

Serve and enjoy.

This one is perfect! Garnish with toasted coconut and chopped cilantro if you like

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Salt and Health

A recent report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition concluded that sodium is an important determinant of blood pressure, in part influencing the rise of blood pressure with age. As the main source of sodium in the diet is salt (sodium chloride), it has been recommended that people should try to reduce their salt intake to a maximum of 6 grams per day. For most people this will mean reducing their current intake by one-third.

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Githeri Recipe

Githeri is a mixture of beans and maize, is one popular stable food in Kenya and some parts of east Africa. <<< all great nutrients for a healthy being.

Ingredients

• 1 cup or more pre-soaked (overnight) dried maize.
• 1 cup or more pre-soaked (overnight) dried beans. Black kidney beans which is rich in molybdenum.
• Carrots
• Potatoes.
• Onions.
• Organic curry powder.
• Organic cayenne pepper.
• Natural salt.
• Cilantro stalks.

Method of preparation.

• Add water ratio of one part food to 2.5 parts water. (1:2.5) Boil until it reaches the boiling point, reduce heat to a simmer and let it cook nice and slow for 2-3 hours depending on the quality and type of the grain and intensity of fire.
• Prepare the veggies for the frying process and heat the saucepan with some coconut oil; separate the stock from boiled veggies and discard them as you keep your stock warm to ensure is does not interfere with cooking temperatures.
• Start with garlic in the heated coconut oil, stir-fry one minute or till aromatic, then onions for another one minute or till translucent then the tomatoes as you slowly add the stock then potatoes and then carrots. Also add cilantro stalk at this moment.
• Add plenty stock and reduce the sauce for 10 minutes on a simmer (low heat) without lid. This will reduce moisture and concentrate flavors for a thicker tastier sauce like so.
• Add the boiled maize and beans into the sauce, taste for salt and adjust if need be.
• Add some cayenne pepper and curry powder and bring to boil, then reduce to low heat and simmer 20 minutes.
• Chop cilantro, coriander (ndania), grate some carrot and add to the food as it rests for 10 minutes.
• Serve with your favorite greens and an avocado.

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Maryland chicken with coleslaw salad and chips Recipe

Ingredients.

• Chicken ¼ kilogram or more.
• Garlic, 4 cloves.
• Ginger 1 piece.
• Chili powder ½ tea spoon.
• Black pepper ¼ tea spoon.
• Soy sauce 2 table spoon.
• Salt to taste.
• Flour ½ cup.
• Bread crumbs 1 cup.
• Carrots 2 pieces (roughly cut).
• Onions 2 pieces.
• Eggs 2 or more.

Method

• In a boiling water, add garlic ginger, chili powder, black pepper, soy sauce, salt, onions and carrots and let them boil.
• Add the chicken to boil together.
• When the chicken is ready, remove, then dust with flour, dip in a beaten eggs and then coat with breadcrumbs and finally deep fry until golden brown.
• As for the COLESLAW SALAD, shred the cabbages thinly and grate the carrots, add some salt, let it stay for 15 minutes, and then squeeze out water and finally add mayonnaise.

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Factors That Affects What We Eat

The individual

Everyone has needs, and wishes to be met according to his or her own satisfaction.

Tastes and habits in eating are influenced by three factors:

• Upbringing, peer group behavior and social background. For example, children’s tastes are developed at home according to the eating patterns of their family, as is their expectation of when to eat meals; teenagers may frequent hamburger or other fast-food outlets; and adults may eat out once a week at an ethnic or high-class restaurant, steakhouse or pub.
• Degree of hunger will affect what is to be eaten, when and how much to eat - although some people in the western world overeat and food shortages cause under-nourishment in poorer countries. Everyone ought to eat enough to enable body and mind to function efficiently; if you are hungry or thirsty it is difficult to work or study effectively.
• Health considerations may influence choice of food, either because a special diet is required for medical reasons, or (as the current emphasis on healthy eating shows) because everyone needs a nutritionally balanced diet. Many people nowadays feel it is healthier not to eat meat or dairy products. Others are vegetarian or vegan for moral or religious reasons.

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How to Prepare Samosa

Looking for something a little different for your next gathering...you have found it!! I LOVED THIS RECIPE, Excellent & yummy recipe, easy to make too!

NUTRITIONAL INFO

• Calories74
• Carbohydrates14 g(5%)
• Fat1 g(2%)
• Protein2 g(4%)
• Saturated Fat0 g(1%)
• Sodium95 mg(4%)
• Polyunsaturated Fat0 g
• Fiber1 g(5%)
• Monounsaturated Fat1 g

per serving (26 servings)

Samosa Recipe

Beef and potatoes are the main ingredients folded inside these wonderful deep fried samosas. Chicken livers may be substituted for beef, if you choose.

Ingredients:

• 1 kg minced meat (Beef mince will taste best but we like to mix mutton/lamb and beef half-and-half)
• 1-2 onions, chopped very finely.
• 2 table spoon coriander cumin powder.
• ½ table spoon garam masala.
• 1 table spoon turmeric powder.
• 1 bunch of fresh coriander, chopped juice of 1 lemon.
• 1 table spoon garlic paste.
• 1 table spoon ginger paste.
• Salt to taste.
• 2-3 green chilies, chopped.
• 1 table spoon butter.
• Vegetable oil for frying.

• Prep
  20 m
• Cook
  20 m
• Ready In
  40 m

Method:

Place your mince in a deep pan, add the ginger, garlic, chilies, salt, and spices, half of the coriander and half of the lemon juice.

Dry the mince on medium heat whilst stirring constantly to avoid it forming lumps. Make sure you dry it completely, if it sticks a little in the pan, that’s fine, it will make the mince taste better.

Whilst the mince is still hot, add the chopped onions gradually and mix it in on low heat. You can add a touch of turmeric to change the onions color. Do not over-cook, just stir the mixture around for about 3 minutes and switch off. If you over-cook onions they will release water and your mixture will become soggy, it needs to stay dry. After you turn off the heat, add the butter, the remaining coriander, some garam masala and the remaining lemon juice. Mix the lot together, the mince’s heat will melt the butter and release the lovely aroma of the coriander and garam masala, make sure it gets mixed in thoroughly. Adjust salt and chilies.

Let the mixture cool and wrap in samosa pastry. Fry until golden brown and serve with lemon slices. 

Well prepared.

Your samosa should look yummy as in the picture above. However, if it looks like in the picture below, it means you are not doing it right. You should follow the recipe above and am sure at the end you will be smiling and proud of yourself.

Wrongly prepared.

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