HEALTH GUIDE: May 2015

May 30, 2015

Choking in Infants - First Aid Guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: first aid guide, health guide

(Under 1 Year)

An infant may readily choke on food or on very small objects in the mouth. The infant will rapidly become distressed, and you need to act quickly to clear any obstruction. If the infant becomes unconscious, be prepared to give rescue breaths and chest compressions. If an unconscious infant, the throat muscles may relax, leaving the airway sufficiently open for rescue breathing. If rescue breaths fail, chest compressions may clear the obstruction.

Recognition

Ask the infant if he is choking.
For mild obstruction, infant able to cough, but difficulty crying or making any other noise.

Photo Courtesy of Google

For severe or complete obstruction, unable to make any noise or breathe, with eventual loss of consciousness.

Priorities

To remove the obstruction.
To arrange urgent removal to hospital if necessary.

Steps in administering aid

If an infant is distressed, is unable to cry, cough, or breathe, lay him face down along your forearm, with his head low and support his chest and head. Give up to five back blows with the heel of your hand.
If back blows fail to clear the obstruction, turn the infant on to his back and give up to five chest thrusts. Using two fingers, push inwards and upwards (towards the head) against the infant’s breastbone, one finger’s breadth below the nipple line.
Perform five chest thrusts. The aim is to relieve the obstruction with each chest thrust rather than necessary doing all five. Check the mouth.

Photo Courtesy of Google

If the obstruction is not cleared, repeat the above steps three times. If the obstruction is not cleared, take the infant with you to ambulance/medical aid. Continue until help arrives or the infant becomes unconscious.

Choking in a child - First Aid Guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: casualty, child, Choking, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Young children are especially prone to choking. A child may choke on food or may put small objects into his mouth and cause a blockage of the airway. If a child is choking you need to act quickly. If he loses consciousness, be prepared to begin rescue breaths and chest compressions. The throat muscles may relax, leaving the airway sufficiently open for rescue breathing

Drowning and near drowning - First Aid Guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: casualty, Drowning, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Death by drowning occur when air cannot get into the lungs, usually because a small amount of water has entered the lungs. This may cause spasms of the throat and suffocation

Priority

To restore adequate breathing.
To keep the casualty warm.
Urgent transfer to hospital.

PENETRATING CHEST WOUND - First Aid Guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: casualty, CHEST WOUND, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

The heart, lungs and the major blood vessels which lie within the chest (thorax) are protected by the breasts bone and the 12 pairs of ribs that make up the ribcage. The ribcage extends far much downwards to protect organs such as the liver and spleen in the upper part of the abdomen. If a sharp object penetrates the chest wall, there may be severe internal damage within the chest and upper abdomen.

One type of such injury is the sucking chest wound, in which air enters the chest cavity causing the collapse of the lung on the affected side. This causes difficulty in breathing and may lead to hypoxia and death.

Hanging and strangulation - First Aid Guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: casualty, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, Steps in administering aid

When pressure is exerted on the outside of the neck, the airway is squeezed and the flow of air to the lungs is cut off.

The main causes of such pressure are:

Hanging - suspension of the body by a noose around the neck.
Strangulation - constriction or squeezing around the neck or the throat.
Hanging may cause a broken neck for this reason casualty in this situation must be handled extremely carefully.

Hyperventilation - first aid guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: casualty, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This is a manifestation of acute anxiety which may accompany a panic attack. It may occur in susceptible individuals who have recently experienced an emotional or psychological shock.

Recognition

Unnaturally fast, deep breathing.
Attention seeking behavior.
Dizziness of faintness.
Trembling or marked tingling in the hands.
Cramps in the hands and feet.

Croup - First Aid Guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: first aid guide

This is an inflammation of the wind pipe and larynx that leads to very severe breathing difficulty in very young children. Croup can be alarming but usually passes without leaving permanent damage. Attacks of croup usually occur at night and may recur before the child settles.

Recognition

Distressed breathing in a young child.
A short barking cough.
A crowing or whistling noise.
Cyanosis.
Respiratory distress.
High temperature.

Priority

To comfort and support the child.
To obtain medical help if necessary.

Steps in administering aid for croup

Sit the baby upright.
Streaming of the child is recommended,
CALL FOR AN AMBULANCE if severe.

ASTHMA - First Aid Guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: first aid guide

An asthmatic attack is caused by spasms or narrowing of the bronchioles (air passages) in the lungs. This leads to swelling of the linings of the airways, further constricting the alveoli causing airway obstruction.

ASTHMA: Recognition

Difficulty in breathing.
Wheezing.
Difficult in speaking.
Distress and anxiety.
Cough.
Hypoxia.

ASTHMA: Priority

To ease breathing.
To obtain medical help if necessary.

ASTHMA: Steps in administering aid.

Calm the patient.
Allow to sit in a comfortable position.
If the attack persists call for assistance.
If patient has an inhaler prescribed to them by a doctor, assist them in taking the recommended dose.

First Aid Guide - Choking in Adults.

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: first aid guide

A foreign object that is stuck at the back of the throat may block the throat or cause muscular spasm. If the blockage of the airway is mild, the casualty should be able to clear it, if it is severe, he will eventually lose consciousness. Be prepared to begin rescue breaths and chest compressions. The throat muscles may relax, leaving the airway sufficiently open for rescue breathing.

Recognition

Ask the casualty if he is choking.
For mild obstruction, the casualty may be able to speak, cough and breathe.
For severe or complete obstruction, the casualty is unable to speak, cough and breathe and may eventually lose consciousness.

Priorities

To remove the obstruction.
To arrange urgent transfer to hospital if necessary.

Steps in administering aid.

If the casualty is coughing, encourage him to continue coughing. Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth.
If the casualty cannot speak or stops coughing or breathing, perform abdominal thrusts. Stand behind the casualty and put both arms around the upper part of his abdomen. Make sure he is still bending well forwards. Clench your fist and place it between the navel and the bottom of the breast bone. Grasp your fist with your other hand. Pull sharply inwards and upwards up to five times.
Check his mouth. If the obstruction is still not cleared, repeat step 2 three times, checking the mouth after each step.
If the obstruction still has not cleared, call for medical assistance. Continue until help arrives or casualty gets better.

See video

Airway Obstruction - First Aid Guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: first aid guide

The airway may be obstructed internally or externally. The main causes of airway obstruction include:

Inhalation of foreign object such as food or false tooth - choking.
Blockage from blood or vomit. Internal swelling of the throat occasioned by burns, scalds, stings or anaphylaxis (allergies)
Injuries to the face or jaw.
Asthma
External pressure on the neck, as in hanging or strangulation.

Recognition

Difficulty breathing and speaking.
Noisy breathing.
Red, puffy face.
Signs of distress from the casualty who may point to the throat or grasp the neck.
Flaring of the nostrils.
A persistent dry cough.

Priorities

To remove the obstruction.
To restore normal breathing.
To arrange transport to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Remove the obstruction if it is external or visible in the mouth.
If the casualty is conscious and breathing normally, reassure her, but keep her under observation. Monitor and record vital signs.
If the casualty is unconscious, open the airway and check for breathing, be prepared to give chest compressions and rescues breaths if necessary.
If the casualty appears to have made a complete recovery, call a doctor or take or send the casualty to hospital.

Shock--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, shock, Steps in administering aid

This is a condition that occurs as a result of failure of the circulatory system to supply oxygen to the vital body organs. A key cause is bleeding.

Recognition

Rapid, weak pulse.
Pale, cold, clammy skin.
Sweating.
Weakness and dizziness.
Nausea and vomiting.
Feeling thirsty.
Rapid shallow breathing.
Restlessness, yawning, gasping for air.
Cyanosis.
Unconsciousness.

Heart Attack--First aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, Heart Attack, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Heart attack is caused by sudden obstruction of the blood supply to part of the heart.

Recognition

Persistent central chest pain that spread to the left arm and jaw.
Sudden faintness and dizziness.
Rapid weak, irregular pulse.
Profuse sweating.
Extreme gasping for air.
Sudden collapse.

Fainting--First aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

A faint is a brief loss of conscious caused by temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain.

Fainting may be a reaction to pain, exhaustion, and lack of food or emotional stress.

Recognition

Sudden dizziness.
Rapid pulse.
Pale cold skin.
Sweating.
Sudden collapse.

Priorities

To improve blood flow to the brain.
To reassure the casualty as he recovers and make him comfortable.

Steps in administering aid for fainting

When a casualty feels faints, advise him to lie down. Kneel down, raise his legs and support the ankles on your shoulders; this helps to improve the blood flow to the brain.
Make sure that the casualty has plenty of fresh air. Ask someone to open a window. In addition ask any bystander to stay clear.
As he recovers, reassure him and help him to sit up gradually. If he starts to feel faint again advise him to lie down again and raise and support his legs until he recovers fully.

Angina Pectoris-First aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

The term Angina Pectoris refers chest pain that is cardiac in origin due to reduced blood supply to the heart muscle. Angina occurs when coronary vessels that supply the heart muscles with blood become narrowed and cannot carry sufficient blood during exercise and excitement.

Recognition

Pain easing with rest.
Shortness of breath.
Central chest pain spreading to the jaw.
Feeling of anxiety.

Priorities

Ensure casualty rests to ease strain to heart.
Help the casualty take any medication prescribed to them by a doctor as directed.
Obtain medical help.

Steps in administering aid.

Help the casualty to stop activity, keep bystanders away and reassure him.
Help the casualty to take anti Angina medication e.g. aerosol spray or tablets.
If the pain subsides, the casualty will resume his activities.
Ask him to seek medical advice.
If the pain persists, or returns, suspect a heart attack and call an ambulance.

Vaginal bleeding--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Any visible bleeding in a woman who is at full term (heavily expectant) should be considered a true emergency and prompt action should be initiated!!!!

Priority

Make the woman comfortable.
Observe her and treat for shock.
Arrange for urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on disposable gloves.
Remove the woman if possible to a place with some privacy. Otherwise arrange for screening to be set up around her.
Find a sanitary pad or clean towel and give her to use.
Make the casualty as comfortable as possible, in whichever position she prefers. If she chooses to sit up, prop her up with rolled up clothing or cushions.
If the casualty knows that her cramps are due to a menstrual period she may take painkillers or her own medication.

If the woman has been sexually assaulted, it is vital to preserve the evidence as much as possible.

Abdominal wounds--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Priorities

Minimize shock.
Minimize the risk of infection.
Arrange urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on disposable gloves.
Help the casualty to lie down on a firm surface preferably on a blanket.
Loosen any tight clothing, such as a belt or a shirt.
Put a dressing over the wound and secure it in place with a bandage or adhesive tape.
If blood seeps through the dressing, apply another dressing or pad on top.
Do not touch any protruding intestines instead, cover the area with a clean plastic bag or kitchen film to prevent the intestines surface from drying out. Alternatively, apply a sterile dressing.
Treat the casualty for shock.
Monitor and record vital signs.
Call for an ambulance.

If a casualty with an open wound coughs or vomits, press firmly on the dressing to prevent the content of the abdomen from pushing through the wound and being exposed.

Bleeding varicose veins--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: Bleeding, casualty, emergency, first aid, health, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Priorities

To control bleeding.
To minimize shock.
To arrange urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Wound at a joint crease--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Priorities

Control bleeding.
Prevent and minimize the effect of shock.
Transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Wounds to the palm and wrist--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, emergency, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Priorities

Control bleeding and the effect of shock.
Prevent infection.
Arrange transport to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Knocked out tooth--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid, tooth

Priority

To replant the tooth as soon as possible.

Steps in administering aid

Bleeding from the mouth--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: Bleeding, casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Priority

To control bleeding.
To safeguard the airway.

Steps in administering aid

Nose bleeding--first aid guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: Bleeding, casualty, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Priorities

To control bleeding.
Maintain an open airway.

Steps in administering aid

Put on disposable gloves.
Ask the casualty to sit down.
Advise him to tilt his head forward to allow the blood to drain from the nostrils.
Do not let the head to tilt back; blood may run down the throat and induce vomiting.
Ask the casualty to breathe through his/her mouth (this will have a calming effect) and to pinch the soft part of the nose.
Reassure them.
Tell the casualty to keep pinching his/her nose.
Advise him/her not to speak, swallow, cough spit or sneeze because he may disturb blood clots that have formed in the nose.
Give him/her a clean cloth or tissue to mop up any dribbling.
After 10 minutes tell the casualty to release the pressure. If the bleeding has not stopped, tell him/her to reapply the pressure for two further periods of 10 minutes each.
Once the bleeding has stopped, any with the casualty still leaning forward clean around his/her nose with lukewarm water.
Advice the casualty to rest quietly for a few hours.
Tell him/her to avoid exertion and particularly not to blow the nose, because these actions will provoke more bleeding.
If bleeding stops and then restarts, tell the casualty to reapply pressure.
If the nose bleeding is severe, or if it lasts longer than 30 minutes in total, take or send the casualty to hospital in the treatment position.

Bleeding from the ear--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: Bleeding, casualty, doctor, first aid, first aid guide, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Priorities

Urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Eye injuries--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, eye, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Priorities

Prevent further damage.
Arrange transport to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Scalp and head wounds--first aid guide

Geoffrey Nevine Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, Steps in administering aid

Priority

To control bleeding.
To arrange transports to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Bruising--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, child, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This is caused by bleeding into the skin or into tissues beneath the skin. It can either develop rapidly or emerge a few days later.

Priority

Reduce blood flow to the area, thus minimizing swelling.

Minor cuts and grazes--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Bleeding in cuts and grazes is easily controlled by pressure and elevation.

Priority

To minimize infection.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Clean wound with clean water, pat dry and cover with sterile wound dressing.
Elevate the injured part above the level of the heart.
Clean surrounding area with soap and water.
Use clean swab for each stroke.
Pat dry.
Remove the wound covering and apply an adhesive dressing. If there is a special risk of infection, advice the casualty to see their doctor.
Call for help i.e. ambulance.

Crush injury--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, injury, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Traffic and building site incidents are the most common cause of crush injuries. Other possible causes include explosions, earthquake and train crashes. Crush injury may lead to internal bleeding, fracture and swelling.

Two scenarios

If crushed for less than 15 minutes.
If crushed for more than 15 minutes.

If crushed for less than 15 minutes

Amputation--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

This is when a limb has been partially or completely severed. In many cases the severed limb can be reattached by microsurgery.

Priorities

Minimize blood loss and shock.
Arrange urgent transfer to hospital.
Prevent deterioration of the amputated part.
Prevent infection.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Control bleeding by applying direct pressure and raising the injured part.
Apply sterile dressings.
Call an ambulance.
Put the severed part in a plastic bag, wrap in a soft fabric and place it in cold water or crushed ice in a container.
Take the severed part together with casualty to the hospital.

Bleeding--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: Bleeding, casualty, child, Emergency childbirth, first aid guide, health, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This is loss of blood from the body as a result of blood vessels being torn or severed.
There are two main types of bleeding;

External bleeding.
Internal bleeding.

EXTERNAL BLEEDING
This is when you can obviously see blood.

If NO OBJECT is embedded in the wound.

Wounds--First aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, Steps in administering aid, Wounds

A wound is a break or injury to the skin, which sometimes involves underlying soft tissues.

There are two categories of wounds; open and closed wounds. Open wounds bleed leading to loss of blood and fluids from the body and are a source of infection. Closed wounds bleed internally and may cause severe damage. There are different types of wounds. These include incisions, lacerations, abrasions, contusions (bruises) and punctures.

Foot and toe injuries--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Injuries affecting the foot and toes.

Recognition

Difficulty in walking.
Stiffness on movement.
Bruising and swelling.

Priorities

Minimize swelling.
Transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid.

Put on gloves.
Quickly raise and support the foot. This reduces blood flow to the area minimizing swelling.
Apply an ice pack or cold compress. This relieves swelling.
Arrange to take the casualty to hospital. If he/she is not being transported by an ambulance, try to ensure that the foot remains elevated during travel.

Ankle Injury--First aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Involves sprain, strain or dislocation of the ankle. If fractured, treat as a lower leg fracture.

Recognition

Pain worsened on movement or by putting weight on the foot.
Swelling.

Priorities

Relieve pain and swelling.
Seek medical aid.

Steps in administering aid.

Put on gloves
Rest, steady and support the ankle in the most comfortable position.
If the injury has occurred recently, apply ice pack or a cold compress to the site to reduce pain.
Wrap the ankle in think padding and bandage family.
Raise and support the injured limb.
Advise the casualty to rest ankle.
Transfer to hospital.

Lower leg injury--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Fractures of the shin bone, the splint bone and tearing of the soft tissues.

Recognition

Localized pain.
Swelling, bruising and deformity of the leg.
An open wound.

Priorities

Immobilize the leg.
Urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Help the casualty to lie down and carefully steady and support the injured leg.
If there is an open wound, gently expose it and treat bleeding.
Apply padding to protect the wound.
Call for help.
Support the injured leg with your hands to prevent any further movement of the fracture site.
Do this until the ambulance arrives.
If the ambulance is delayed, support the injured leg by splinting it to the other leg. Bring the uninjured limb alongside the injured one and slide bandages under legs. Position bandages at the feet and ankles then the knees, add bandages above and below the fracture. Insert padding between the lower legs. Then tie the bandages firmly, knotting them on the uninjured side.
For suspected fracture near ankle; place separate bandages above the ankles and around the feet, rather than one figure of eight.

Knee injury--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Injury to the knee joint.

Recognition

Pain spreading from the injury to become deep seated in the joint.
If the knee is locked, acute pain on straightening.
Rapid swelling around the knee joint.

Priorities

Knee protection.
Urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Help the casualty to lie down, preferably on a blanket to insulate him from the ground.
Place soft padding such as a pillow, blanket or coat under the injured knee to support it in the most comfortable position.
Wrap soft padding around the joint.
Secure with bandages extending from mid-thigh to the middle of the lower leg.

Hip and thigh injuries--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Fracture to the hip and thigh bones.

Recognition

Pain at the site of injury
Inability to walk.
Signs of shock.
Shortening of the leg.

Priorities

Fractured Pelvis--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

These are injuries to the pelvis.

Recognition

Inability to walk or even stand, although the legs may appear uninjured.
Pain and tenderness around the hip, groin or back that increases with movement.
Bloody urine.
Inability to pass urine or find it painful to pass urine.
Signs of shock or internal bleeding.

Priorities

Minimize risk of shock.
Urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Help the casualty to lie down on his back.
Keep his legs straight and flat or, if it is more comfortable, help him to bend his knees slightly and support them with padding such as a cushion or folded clothing.
Place padding between the bony points of the knees and the ankles.
Immobilize the legs by bandaging them together with folded triangular bandages to secure the feet and ankles.
Call for help.
Treat the casualty for shock.
Monitor and record vital signs - level of response, breathing and pulse until help arrives.

Back pain--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Pain in the spine or in the ligaments and muscles around it.

Recognition

Dull to severe pain in the back or neck increased by movement.
Pain traveling down any of the limbs, possibly together with tingling and numbness.
Spasms of the muscles causing the neck or back to be held rigid or bent.
Tenderness in the muscles.

Priorities

To relieve pain.
Obtain medical aid.

Steps in administering aid.

Put on gloves.
Advice the casualty to lie down flat in the most comfortable position for him/her and stay still until the pain eases, either on the ground or on a firm mattress.
Assist the casualty to take his/her own painkillers, if necessary.
If the symptoms persist, call his/her doctor or send him/her to hospital.

Backache

Spinal Injury--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, injury, Priorities, spinal injury, Steps in administering aid

These are injuries to the spine.

Recognition

Pain in the neck or back at the injury site.
Irregularity in the normal curve of the spine.
Tenderness at the injury site.
Loss of control of limbs, movement; may be weak or absent.
Loss of sensation.
Loss of bladder and or bowel control.
Breathing difficulty.

Injury to the rib cage/penetrating chest wounds/sucking chest wounds--First aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This involves fracture to the ribs.

Recognition

Sharp pain at the site of injury.
Pain on taking a deep breath.
Shallow breathing.
An open wound over the fracture.
Paradoxical (unequal) breathing.

Hand and finger injuries--Aid guide

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This is injuries to the bones of the fingers and the hand.

Recognition

Pain worsened by movement.
Swelling, bruising and deformity.
Open fracture, a wound and bleeding.

Priorities

Forearm and wrist injuries--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

This is an injury to the bones of the arm (ulna and radius).

Recognition

Pain, worsened by movement.
Swelling, bruising and deformity.
Open fracture, a wound and bleeding.

Priorities

To immobilize the arm.
Transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Ask the casualty to sit down.
Gently steady and support the injured forearm by placing it across his body.
Expose and treat any wound that you find.
Place a triangular bandage between the chest and the injured arm, as for an arm sling.
Surround the forearm in soft padding, such as a small towel or a thick layer of cotton wool.
Fasten the arm sling around the arm and its padding using a reef knot. Tie knot at the hollow of the casualty’s collar bone on the injured side.
If the journey to hospital is likely to be prolonged, secure the arm to the body by trying a broad fold bandage over the sling.
Position the bandage close to the elbow.
Transfer the casualty to the hospital.

Elbow injury--First aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

These are fractures or dislocation at the elbow.

Recognition

Pain worsened by movement.
Tenderness over the site of a fracture.
Swelling, bruising and deformity.
Fixed elbow.

Priorities

Immobilize the arm.
Prevent further injury to the joint.
Transfer to hospital.

Elbow injury: Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
For an elbow that can bend, treat it as an upper arm injury.
For an elbow that cannot bend, help the casualty to lie down.
Place padding, such as cushions or towels around the elbow for comfort and support.
Do not try to move the injured arm or apply bandages if help is coming.
When preparing for transport, put padding between the injured limb and body.
Then use three folded triangular bandages to immobilize the injured limb against the trunk, at the wrist and hips then above and below the elbow.
Call for an ambulance.
Check the pulse in the injured arm regularly until medical helps arrives.

Upper arm injury--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

This involves fracture of the humerus (the long bone in the upper arm).

arm sling

Recognition

Pain worsened by movement.
Tenderness and deformity over the site of fracture.
Rapid swelling.
Bruising which may develop more slowly.

Priority

Immobilize the arm.
Transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Ask the casualty to sit down.
Gently place the forearm horizontally across his body in the most comfortable position.
Ask him/her to support the elbow if possible.
Place soft padding beneath the injured arm. Then tie the arm and its padding with an arm sling to support it.
Secure the arm by trying a broad fold bandage around the chest and over the sling.
Try to avoid bandaging over the fracture site if possible.
Transfer the casualty to hospital.

Shoulder injury--first aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This is a dislocation or a closed fracture of the shoulder.

Recognition

Pain and tenderness increased by movement.
Flat angular look to the shoulder.
Attempts by casualty to relax the muscles.

Priorities

Fractured collar bone--First Aid Guide

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This involves fracture of the clavicle; the bone that forms the structure between the shoulder blade and the top of the breast bone to help support the arms.

Elevation sling.

Recognition

Pain and tenderness on movement.
Swelling and deformity of the shoulder.
Attempts by casualty to relax the muscles.

Priorities

To immobilize the injured shoulder and arm.
Transfer casualty to hospital.

Jaw Fracture--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

This is fracture of the jaw bones.

Recognition

Difficulty in speaking, swallowing and moving the jaw.
Pain and nausea when moving the jaw.
Displaced or loose teeth.
Dribbling of saliva.
Swelling and bruising inside and outside the mouth.

Priorities

To protect the airway.
Transfer casualty to the hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
If the casualty is not seriously injured, help him/her to sit with his/her head bent forward to allow fluids to drain from his/her mouth.
Encourage the casualty to spit out any loose teeth and take them with him to the hospital.
Give the casualty a soft pad to hold firmly against his jaw in order to support it.
Transfer the casualty to hospital keeping his/her jaw well supported.

Cheekbone and nasal bone fractures--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

These are fractures on the cheekbone and the nose.

Recognition

Pain, swelling and bruising of affected area.
A wound or bleeding from the nose or mouth.

Facial fracture--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, first aid, first aid guide, fracture, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This is a fracture of the facial bones.

Recognition

Pain around the area.
If at the jaw, difficulty in speaking, swallowing and chewing.
Difficulty in breathing.
Swelling and distortion of the face.
Bruising and or a black eye.

Joint dislocations--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, injury, Joint dislocations, Steps in administering aid

This is an injury in which the bones forming a joint are partially or completely pulled out of position. Following a sudden, unnatural movement, bones within a joint may become dislocated. Severe pain and swelling are common with loss of power or function of the injured area. In addition, there may be a fracture in, or around, the joint. Therefore, never attempt to correct the dislocation yourself.

Sprains and strains--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

When ligaments around a joint are overstretched or torn, the injury is called a sprain. The injured joint becomes swollen and painful and prompt treatment is required. A strain is caused by an overstretched muscle or tendon. Swelling may or may not occur, but the casualty may complain of pain and loss of power in the injured area.

Fractures--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone caused by direct force, indirect force, or a twisting force.

Open and closed.

Open fracture has one broken bone end piercing the skin and protruding out. An open fracture carries a high risk of becoming infected. In closed fracture, the skin above the fracture is intact and there is a high risk of internal damage and bleeding.

Closed Fracture First Aid Guide

Closed fracture of the arm.

Priorities

To prevent movement at the fracture site.
To transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on disposable gloves.
Advice the casualty to keep still.
Support the injured part with your hands, or ask a helper to do this, until it is immobilized.
For firmer support, bandage the injured part to an unaffected part of the body. Make sure the bandage is tied on the uninjured side.
For the upper limb fractures immobilize the arm against the trunk.
For lower limb fractures, bandage the uninjured leg to the injured one if transfer to hospital is likely to be delayed.
Arrange to transport the casualty to the hospital.
Treat for shock if necessary.
Check the circulation beyond the bandage every 10 minutes. If the circulation is impaired, loosen bandages.

Open Fracture First Aid Guide

Open fracture of the leg.

Priorities

To prevent bleeding.
Minimize movement.
Prevent infection at the site of injury.
Transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Loosely cover the wound with a large clean non-fluffy pad or sterile dressing.
Apply pressure to control bleeding but do not press on the protruding bone.
Carefully place clean padding over and around the dressing.
Secure the dressing and padding with a bandage.
Bandage firmly but not tightly to impair circulation.
Using splints, immobilize the injured part as for a closed fracture and transport the casualty to hospital.
Treat for shock if necessary.
Monitor vital signs.

Seizures--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, hospital, Priorities, Seizures, Steps in administering aid

Also called a fit/convulsion. It is an involuntary contraction of the muscles caused by disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain.

Recognition

Rigidity and arching of the back.
Convulsive movements.
Sudden unconsciousness.

Stroke--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, health, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid, Stroke

This is a condition whereby blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly impaired by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel.

Recognition

Slurred speech.
Difficult in swallowing.
Uneven facial movement.
Loss of power or movement in the limbs (unstable gait).
Sudden severe headache.
Confused mental state that could be mistaken for drunkenness.
Sudden or gradual loss of consciousness.

You will notice weakness on one side of the body, slurred speech and drooping of the face.

Injuries to the brain--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, Steps in administering aid

Concussions

This is the shaking of the brain caused by a blow to the head.

The head strikes a hard creating a concussion-type of injury.

Recognition

Brief period of impaired consciousness.
Dizziness or nausea on recovery.
Loss of memory.
Mild generalized headache.

Cerebral Compression--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: health guide

This occur when there is a buildup of pressure within the brain due to bleeding inside the skull.

Recognition

History of recent head injury.
Severe headache.
Slow, noisy breathing.
Low, yet full and strong pulse.
Unequal pupil size.
Weakness and or paralysis down one side of the face or body.
High temperature.
Flushed face.
Drowsiness.
Noticeable changes in behavior, such as irritability and disorientation.
Casualty may become unconscious.

Priorities

Urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Call for help.
If the casualty is conscious, keep him supported in comfortable resting position and reassure him/her.
Maintain an open airway, check for breathing and be prepared to resuscitate.
Regularly monitor and record vital signs.

Head Injury--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This is a serious condition in which the normal brain function is impaired due to injury to the head (skull). The impairment may be immediate or delayed.

Recognition

Bruising behind the ear

bruising around eyes

Wound or bruise on the head.
Soft area or depression on the scalp.
Bruising or swelling behind the ear.
Bruising around one or both eyes.
Clear fluid or waterly blood coming from the nose or an ear.
Blood stained eye.
Unequal size of the pupils.
Distortion or lack of symmetry of the head or face.
Progressive deterioration in the level of consciousness.

Impaired Consciousness--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Is assessed using the AVPU scale:

A - Is the casualty alert?

V - Does the casualty respond to Voice?

P - Does the casualty respond to pain?

U - Is casualty unresponsive to any stimulus?

Hypothermia--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

It develops when body temperature falls below 35ᵒC or 95ᵒF.

Recognition

Shivering.
Cold and pale dry skin.
Apathy or disorientation.
Lethargy or impaired consciousness.
Slow and shallow breathing.
Slow and weak pulse.

Priorities

Reduce further heat loss.
Re-warm the casualty slowly.
Obtain medical aid.

Steps in administering aid when indoors

Put on gloves.
Quickly replace any wet clothing with warm garments.
The casualty can be re-warmed by bathing if he is young, fit, and able to climb into the bath unaided. The water should be warm but not too hot about 40ᵒC (104ᵒF).
Put the casualty in bed and ensure that he/she is well covered.
Give him/her warm drinks, soups, or high energy foods such as chocolate to help re warm.
Regularly monitor and record the casualty’s vital signs - level of consciousness, pulse, breathing and temperature.
Transfer the casualty to hospital.

Steps in administering aid when outdoors.

Put on gloves.
Take the casualty to a sheltered place as quickly as possible.
Remove wet clothing.
Shield the casualty from the wind. Insulate him with extra clothing or blankets and cover his head.
Protect the casualty from the ground and the elements. Put him in a dry sleeping bag, cover him with blankets or newspapers and enclose him in a plastic or foil survival bag if available.
Call for help.
Do not leave the casualty alone.
To help re-warm a casualty who is conscious, give him warm drinks, and high energy foods such as chocolate.
Transfer casualty to hospital.

Frostbite--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

The extreme (fingers toes) freeze due to extreme low temperature.

Recognition

Pins and needles.
Pallor.
Numbness.
Hardening and stiffening of the skin.
Change in the skin colour.

Priorities

Warm the affected area slowly to prevent further tissue damage.
Arrange transfer to hospital

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Move the casualty into a warm place before you thaw the ice from the affected area.
Gently remove gloves, rings, and any other constrictive clothes such as boots.
Warm the affected part with your hands, in your lap, or in the casualty’s armpits.
Avoid rubbing the affected areas as this can damage skin and other tissues.
Place the affected part in warm water at around 40ᵒC (104ᵒF).
Dry carefully, and apply a light dressing of fluffed - up, dry gauze bandage.
Raise and support the affected limb to reduce swelling.
An adult casualty may take two paracetamol tablets for intense pain.
Take the casualty to hospital.

Heat stroke--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

The body becomes dangerously overheated, usually due to a high fever or prolonged exposure to heat, this leads to failure of the brain to regulate body temperature.

Recognition

Headache, dizziness and discomfort.
Restlessness and confusion.
Hot flushed and dry skin.
Rapid deterioration in the level of consciousness.
Full bounding pulse.
Body temperature above 40ᵒC.

Priorities

Lower the casualty’s body temperature.
Urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves
Quickly move the casualty to cool place.
Remove as much of his outer clothing as possible.
Call for help.
Wrap the casualty in a cold wet sheet and keep the sheet wet until his temperature falls to normal body temperature.
Once the casualty’s temperature appears to have returned to normal replace the wet sheet with a dry one.
Monitor and record vital signs.
If the temperature rises repeat the cooling process.

CS SPRAY (‘Tear gas’) injury--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

This is caused by the solvent spray used by police or for self defense.

Recognition

Tearing of the eyes.
Uncontrollable coughing and sneezing.
Burning sensation in the skin and throat.

Priorities

To get casualty into fresh air.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Move the casualty to a well-ventilated area and reassure him that the symptoms will soon disappear.
Try to stop the casualty from rubbing his eyes.
If the casualty’s eyes are painful, fan them to help speed up the vaporization of any remaining CS chemical.
If a large amount of the chemical is inhaled at close quarters, arrange to take or send the casualty to hospital.
CS contamination can be removed by washing with an alkaline solution of water.
Do not rub any area affected by the spray.

Heat exhaustion--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This is due to loss of salt and water from the body through excessive sweating.

Recognition

Headache, dizziness and confusion.
Loss of appetite and nausea.
Sweating with pale clammy skin.
Cramps in the arms, legs, or the abdominal wall.
Fast breathing.

Flash burn to the eye--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, eye, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

This refers to the surface of the eye being damaged by exposure to the ultra violet light.

Recognition

Intense pain in the affected eye.
A griffy feeling in the eyes.
Sensitivity to light.
Redness and tearing of the eye.

Extreme Temperatures--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, Emergency childbirth, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Sunburn

This is a burn caused by overexposure to sun lamp.

Recognition

Reddened skin.
Pain in the area of the burn.
Blistering of the affected skin.

Chemical burns--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Recognition

Evidence of chemical in the vicinity.
Intense stinging pain.
Later discoloration, blistering, peeling and swelling of the affected area.

Priorities

Safety.
Inform the relevant authority.
Diffuse the harmful chemical.
Transport to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Make sure that the area around the casualty is safe.
Ventilate the area to diffuse the fumes, and if possible seal the chemical container.
Put on gloves.
Remove the casualty if necessary.
Flood the burn with water for at least 20 minutes to dissolve the chemical and stop the burning. If treating a casualty on the ground ensure that the water does not collect underneath him/her.
Gently remove any contaminated clothing while flooding the injury.
Make sure that the airway is open.
Monitor vital signs.
If in workplace, notify the safety officer and or emergency services.
Transfer to hospital and pass the details of the chemical to medical staff.

Electrical burns--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, Electrical burns, emergency, Steps in administering aid

Recognition

Full thickness burns, with swelling, scorching, and charring at the points of entry and exit.
Signs of shock.
A brown, coppery residue on the skin if the casualty has been a victim of ‘arcing’ high voltage electricity.
Unconsciousness.

Priorities

Chemical burn to the eye--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, doctor, emergency, eye, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Recognition

Intense pain in the eye.
Inability to open the injured eye.
Redness and swelling around the eye.
Copious tearing of the eye.
Evidence of chemical substances in the area.

Priorities

Minor burns and scalds--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: burns, casualty, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, Priorities, scalds, Steps in administering aid

Recognition

Reddened skin.
Pain in the area of burn.
Blistering of the affected area.

Priorities

Inhalation burns--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Recognition

Soot around the nose and mouth.
Burnt nasal hairs.
Redness, swelling or actual burning of the tongue.
Damage to the skin around the mouth.
Hoarse voice.
Breathing difficulties.

Priorities

Maintain an open airway.
Urgent transfer to hospital.

Steps in administering aid

Put on gloves.
Call for help.
Communicate to the person in charge that you suspect burns to the airway.
Take any steps possible to improve the casualty’s air supply, such as loosening clothing around his/her neck.
Offer small sips of cold water or ice if available to reduce swelling and pain.
Reassure the casualty.
Monitor vital signs and until help arrives.

Severe burns and scalds--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, Emergency childbirth, first aid, first aid guide, hospital, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Recognition

Pain around the affected area.

Difficulty in breathing.

Signs of shock.

Priorities

Stop the burning.

Relieve the pain.

Maintain an open airway.

Treat associated injuries.

Prevent injections.

Urgent transfer to hospital.

Assisting in childbirth--First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide, pregnancy, women health

A woman may go into labor unexpectedly. As a first aider you may be expected to help with the birth.

Remember that the birth of a child is a natural process and occurs around the world thousands of times a day with no complications. Hence the role of the first aider is to assist and support the woman throughout the birth process.

You will need:

A clean sharp blade (such as a razor blade or scissors).
Three clean pieces of thick thread to tie the cord.
Clean clothes to put under the woman during delivery (as many as you can get).
Clean soft clothes, one to dry the baby and the other to wrap the baby.

FIRST STAGE (Pre delivery)

Stage one begins with the contractions of the uterus “cramp like pain” in her abdomen
Contraction can occur every 10 to 20 minutes at first and then gradually become closer together. This can last up to 16-18 hours for the first birth and the time may reduce for subsequent births.
The “Water breaking” or a “show of blood” can also occur with fluid coming from the vagina.
This means the baby is coming and the first aider needs to prepare for the delivery.

SECOND STAGE (During delivery)

Send for the help of a midwife or a doctor.
Stay calm and gather the equipment needed to assist the birth.
Wash your hands and put on sterile gloves.
Help the woman to wash particularly around the area of the birth canal. (Ask another woman to help).
Help the woman in labor to move around to find a comfortable position for delivery.
Place the woman on her back with her legs spread apart with her knees bent and feet on the bed.
Place clean towels on her thighs and on the area beneath her birth canal.
Help the woman in to the most comfortable position of her.
Place the clean cloths under mother and watch for stools, cover them before the birth of the child.
You will see the baby’s head “crowning”.
If the mother has previously given birth, the baby may come out quickly. You need to be ready to catch the baby gently as it is slippery.
Support the head gently with one hand as the baby comes out.
The baby’s head will rotate to face the side to let the shoulders and the body to emerge. Allow this to happen naturally whilst gently supporting the baby.

Immediate care of the Baby

Wrap the baby in a clean warm cloth.
Listen for the baby’s first cry.
If the baby does not respond, start resuscitation immediately.

THIRD STAGE (Post-delivery):

Contractions will occur until the placenta is delivered. The mother will need to deliver the placenta.
After the delivery the placenta there will be some bleeding continuing. Place a pad over the birth canal to help collect the blood.
Place the baby on the mother’s abdomen if the cord is long enough. Let the mother start breastfeeding the child.
If bleeding continues from the mother, firmly massage the lower abdomen until you can feel a small ball. Continue gentle massage until bleeding is controlled.
Wrap the baby and prepare the mother and transfer to hospital.

Urgent transfer to hospital if:

Part of the umbilical cord comes out before the baby.
If the baby’s foot or arm comes out first.
Strong labour pains for more than a day and a night (as the baby may be stuck).

Miscarriage--First aid guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

If a casualty who is 7 months pregnant or less, has any bleeding from the birth canal, with or without painful cramps, she may be having a miscarriage.

Steps in administering aid

Help the casualty into a comfortable position and reassure her and get help from a midwife or another woman.
Place a sanitary pad or towel over the vagina.
Treat for shock.
Send for a midwife or doctor, or transport the casualty to hospital.
Stay with the casualty until help arrives.

Emergency childbirth - First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide, pregnancy

Labor is a natural process by which a term fetus is expelled from the uterus through the birth canal. It occurs in three stages;

First stage; onset of contraction to breaking of water.
Second stage: actual birth of baby.
Third stage: after birth (placenta and umbilical cord expelled.)

STAGE ONE OF LABOR

Recognition

Contractions, occurring at short intervals.
Show (blood stained discharge)
Breaking of the water.

Priorities

Reassure the woman and make her comfortable.
Transfer to hospital.

STAGE TWO OF LABOR

Recognition

Urge to push.
Strong frequent contractions.
Emergence of baby’s head (crowning).
Rapid delivery of baby’s body.

Priorities

Ensure mother is comfortable.
Prevent infection to the mother, baby and yourself.
Care of the baby, during and after delivery.

STAGE THREE OF LABOR

Recognition

Mild contraction after the birth of the baby.
Some bleeding from the birth canal.
Protrusion of the afterbirth
Urge to push.

Priorities

Support the mother while she is delivering the afterbirth.
Preserve the afterbirth for assessment in hospital.
Transfer mother and baby to hospital.

Vomiting and diarrhea - First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: casualty, emergency, first aid, first aid guide, Steps in administering aid

It leads to dehydration.

Recognition

Loose watery stools.
Vomiting.
Increased thirst.

Abdominal Pain - First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

This is discomfort in the abdomen due to infection, obstruction or as a symptom of another disease.

Recognition

Abdominal cramps.
Presence of stitch.
Nausea and vomiting.

Priorities

Relieve pain and discomfort
Transfer to hospital.

Sore throat - First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Sore throat is commonly caused by respiratory infections.

Recognition.

Pain on swallowing.
Red spots on the throat.
Hoarse voice.

Priorities.

Relieve pain.
Transfer to hospital

Toothache - First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide, health guide

Toothache can be caused by injury or infection.

Recognition.

Pain on affected side.
Inability to chew or open the mouth.
Swelling on affected side.
Headache.
Foul breath.

Priorities

Relieve pain.
Refer to a dentist

Earache - First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid guide

Pain in the ear.

Recognition.

Headache.
Ear discharge.
Swelling around the ear.
Fever and pains.

Priorities

Relieve headache and pains.
Transfer to hospital.

Disturbed Behavior - First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: emergency, first aid, first aid guide, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

Abnormal or aggressive behavior.

Recognition

Confusion.
Hyperactivity.
Withdrawn.
Unkempt.

Panic Attack - First Aid Guide

Dr. Chrispus Labels: first aid, first aid guide, Priorities, Steps in administering aid

A sudden bout of extreme anxiety.

Recognition.

Hyperventilation.
Muscular tension.
Fear
Trembling, sweating and dry mouth.
High pulse rate and sometimes, palpitations.

Blog Archive

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May 30, 2015

Steps in administering aid for croup

ASTHMA: Recognition

ASTHMA: Priority

ASTHMA: Steps in administering aid.

May 28, 2015

Steps in administering aid.

Steps in administering aid

May 12, 2015

Steps in administering aid for fainting

May 11, 2015

Steps in administering aid.

May 08, 2015

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

May 07, 2015

Steps in administering aid.

Steps in administering aid.

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid.

Steps in administering aid

Elbow injury: Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

Closed Fracture First Aid Guide

Priorities

Steps in administering aid

Open Fracture First Aid Guide

Priorities

Steps in administering aid

May 05, 2015

Steps in administering aid when indoors

Steps in administering aid when outdoors.

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

Steps in administering aid

May 04, 2015

Steps in administering aid

STAGE ONE OF LABOR

Recognition

Priorities

STAGE TWO OF LABOR

Recognition

Priorities

STAGE THREE OF LABOR

Recognition

Priorities

May 03, 2015